Present Perfect

Present Perfect / Теперішній доконаний час
A cowboy has tamed a bull, hasn't he?



There is a separate group of tenses in the English language that is used to describe complete actions.
В англійській мові існує окрема група часів, котра використовується для опису завершений дій.
Today we are speaking about the Present Tense of this group, which by the way has no analogue in Ukrainian.
Сьогодні ми говоримо про теперішній час цієї групи, котра, до речі, немає аналогу в українській мові.

1. How to form it?
verb “to have” in Present Simple i.e. have (I, you, we, they) and has (he, she, it) + Past Participle. Past Participle is дієприкметник минулого часу. For regular verbs – just add ending “-ed” e.g. to clean – cleaned; with irregular verbs – situation is more complicated as you have to memorize the forms (it’s the third column) e.g. “to do” – done, “to be” – been.

have/has + V-ed/III column

On the road again ...

... I can’t wait to get … You may recognize, it’s a song from “Shrek” and whenever I go on a journey, this melody is my ear-worm i.e. it is constantly playing inside my head.
The most pleasant season for traveling is in summer, at least for me. While deciding on the holiday destination, people usually differentiate between a touristy place (crowded and noisy) and one off the beaten track (secluded and not well known). Some people prefer visiting museums, theatres, cathedrals (churches, temples, mosques, synagogues etc) to spending all the vocation lying on a beach. I sort of belong to the first group.
As soon as you know the place you’d like to visit and have calculated possible expenditures required for this, you start thinking how to get there. There are three basic ways people can travel i.e. by air, by land and by sea. Let’s dwell upon each of them separately.